The invention of the soul

Humphrey, a distinguished evolutionary psychologist, argues that consciousness as we experience it — the sense of an inner soul — is not a biological given but a cultural invention achieved through language and social construction. This thesis challenges both religious and materialist accounts of consciousness by proposing that sentience becomes 'sacred' through human meaning-making rather than divine endowment or genetic programming. For product leaders, this perspective illuminates how digital interfaces shape subjective experience: if consciousness itself is partly constructed through symbolic tools, then the design of our technological environments becomes a question of what kinds of inner lives we are building. The essay connects consciousness studies to anthropology and cultural evolution, offering a framework for understanding how tools don't just extend cognition but partially constitute it. Humphrey's work bridges neuroscience and humanities in ways that inform how we think about human-computer interaction at the deepest level.