The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Kuhn's argument changed how the world thinks about science: progress is not cumulative but punctuated — long periods of "normal science" within a paradigm, interrupted by revolutions that replace the paradigm entirely. The concepts of paradigm, normal science, anomaly and incommensurability entered the vocabulary of every discipline that heard them. For product direction the transfer is direct: industries operate within paradigms too, and the resistance to seeing what is happening outside the current paradigm is structurally identical to what Kuhn describes in laboratories. Read alongside Popper for the falsificationist counterargument and Lakatos for the synthesis. The most influential book about how knowledge actually changes.