The Innovator's Dilemma

Disruption from below: initially inferior technologies that serve ignored markets and end up displacing incumbents. Established firms fail not from incompetence but because their processes, values and metrics are optimised for the current market, not the emerging one. Relevant to AI because agentic tools let small teams inside the organisation disrupt internal processes without asking for permission — disruption is no longer only external. The bar moves: you are not only competing with a startup, you are competing with a team of five inside your own company wielding Claude.